Radiation Treatment Brassiere

ABSTRACT

A radiation treatment bra is disclosed. In the illustrative embodiment, the bra includes adjustable elements and a medial window. During radiation treatment planning, the elements are adjusted to establish a reference breast geometry. The reference breast geometry is reproduced prior to an actual treatment session by repeating the original adjustment of the elements, as necessary. The medial window enables a light field to be projected onto the patient&#39;s chest, and read therefrom, thereby establishing proper alignment of the patient to the radiation treatment machine.

STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES

This case claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/446,278 filed Feb. 24, 2011 and which is incorporated by referenceherein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to radiation oncology in general and, moreparticularly, to a way to precisely and reproducibly position a breastcancer patient for a radiation treatment session.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In 2010, approximately 250,000 women developed invasive or in-situbreast cancer in the United States. The majority of those women soughtmedical treatment for their disease. Women diagnosed with early stagebreast cancer have several options for treatment. The surgical optionsinclude mastectomy, with or without reconstruction, or lumpectomyfollowed by radiation therapy and possibly chemotherapy.

Women choosing lumpectomy and radiation therapy undergobreast-conserving surgery followed by approximately three to six weeksof radiation therapy. The radiation is intended to kill any tumor cellsremaining in the breast after surgical removal of the primary tumor. Aspecialist physician (i.e., radiation oncologist) works in conjunctionwith a team of physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation-therapy-machineoperators (“therapists”) to plan and deliver the radiation treatment.

It is particularly important that radiation is delivered to the affectedtissue (1) precisely and (2) in reproducible fashion. In particular, thehigh-energy photons must be delivered to the same planned volume oftissue —the “target”—each session. Care must be taken to avoidirradiating tissues surrounding the target, most importantly lung andheart tissue. Since multiple radiation treatment sessions are required,a reproducible set-up is necessary to ensure that the target sitereceives the intended cumulative dose of radiation. Receiving the fullcumulative dose reduces the patient's risk of developing a localrecurrence of the cancer in the treated breast or metastatic spread ofthe disease.

As such, the best outcomes are achieved when (a) precise radiationtreatment parameters are followed, (b) a favorable breast geometry isattained, and (c) a reproducible set-up is established. Satisfyingrequirements (b) and even more so, (c), can be challenging, as discussedfurther below.

A woman's breast geometry will change somewhat each time she is on thetreatment table. That is, particularly for a large-breasted woman, theshape of the breast is altered as a function of how the breast lies onher chest (e.g., falling off to the side, lying flat, etc.). Thiscomplicates the ability to precisely reproduce, during actual treatment,the position/geometry of the breast during the originalradiation-planning scan. As a consequence, during an actual treatment,the treatment machine—a very valuable resource—must be idled while timeis spent adjusting the patient's position on the treatment table to try,with varying success, to reproduce the original breast geometry andposition.

The majority of patients are treated in a supine position with the armon the affected side “chicken-winged” out of the radiation field overtheir head. The affected breast can therefore be isolated and treated.The ideal breast geometry for treatment is akin to a tight compactbreast mound with no folds of skin.

Women with large, pendulous, ptotic breasts pose challenges for theradiation oncology team. Because of the anatomical shape of thetreatment volume and frequent dose variations, acute skin toxicityoccurs in “hot spots” such as the axillary tail and the inframammaryfolds. In addition, breast overhang both in the inferior and/or lateraldirections often requires enlargement of the radiation field, whichdisadvantageously captures larger areas of normal tissue in theradiation tangential fields. Dry and moist desquamation (i.e., raw,peeling areas of skin) can develop in hot spots and in areas wheretissue folds upon itself. These problems can necessitate treatmentbreaks until the skin recovers. These treatment breaks compromise theefficacy of the radiation in killing cancer cells. Furthermore, if alarge, pendulous breast falls superiorly, physicians may need to use aninclined breast board (wedged board) to shift the breast. This boardmust be moved on and off the treatment table before and after eachtreatment session.

Another treatment strategy for large-breasted women is to place them inthe lateral decubitus position with a wedge. Yet a further approach isto have the patient in a prone position wherein their ptotic breasthangs through a “breast board.” For many patients, this is a difficultposition to achieve and maintain. More importantly, when a patient is inthis position, there can be a tradeoff in terms of adequate treatment ofthe chest wall. Elderly and obese women find the prone set-up positiondifficult for other health reasons. Additionally, polyvinyl rings aresometimes strapped to large breasts to attain a desired geometry, but itis not possible to reliably reproduce such a set-up. All of thesealternative strategies/approaches/positions consume valuable time on thetreatment table.

Women with widely spaced, large, pendulous breasts also pose challengesfor homogenous treatment. Often, higher-energy radiation is required toachieve homogeneity. Unfortunately, many radiation centers do not havedual-energy machines. Moreover, the higher-energy radiation results in ahigher skin dose, which often causes increased skin reaction.

Currently, immobilization devices for women on the treatment tableinclude cradles, plastic molds and netting. There are drawbacks to allsuch forms of immobilization. Simply put, exact, reproducible,comfortable set-up devices do not exist.

With current treatment regimens, a patient is completely exposed fromthe waist up while receiving treatment. For many women, this loss ofprivacy adds to feelings of exposure and vulnerability.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a way to precisely and reproduciblyobtain a desired breast geometry, treatment position, andpatient-to-machine alignment for radiation therapy while also enablingthe non-affected breast to be moved out of the treatment field.

Some embodiments of the invention provide a radiation treatmentbrassiere (“bra”) that is worn during a radiation treatment session. Inthe illustrative embodiment, the bra includes a clear medial window (orboth clear medial and lateral windows), sheer substantially“see-through” cup material, and multiple adjustment elements. The bra isdevoid of metal and uses hook and loop fastener (e.g., VELCRO®, etc.).The bra can be worn for use with all treatment machines without causingbolus effect. The bra is undetectable during CT scan.

The clear medial and lateral windows enable the physician and therapistto view and mark tattoos, as well as the midline and treatmentparameters, as created by the light field that is projected by thetreatment machine onto the patient's chest. The sheer cup materialallows the physician and therapists to mark the bra, as necessary (e.g.,using indelible marker, etc.) and to view the breast, scars, oralignment wires and tattoos.

Multiple adjustable elements, which can be (but are not necessarily)implemented as closures, enable the position of the breast to beadjusted to achieve a desired reference breast geometry during aradiation treatment planning session. This is achieved by appropriatelytightening or loosening the various adjustable elements, therebyestablishing a “reference setting” for each such adjustable element. Insome embodiments, the adjustable elements include: (1) a medial(central) element, disposed between the breast cups; (2) two lateralelements, disposed at the interface of each cup and the cooperating endof the back band; and (3) two superior elements, disposed within eachshoulder strap. In some other embodiments, fewer adjustable elements areused.

In the illustrative embodiments, the adjustable elements are closures,at least one of which is released to enable the bra to be removed orput-on. For the one or more closures that are to be released, thepreviously established reference setting, which is indicated via sometype of measurement tool, scale, etc., is memorialized (e.g., recordedin the patient's chart, etc.). This enables a technician to reset allreleased closures to their established reference settings prior to aradiation treatment session. Since the reference setting for eachadjustable element establishes the reference breast geometry, thereference breast geometry is re-established for each radiation treatmentsession by simply resetting each released adjustable closure to itsreference setting.

In some further embodiments, the bra includes a closure that is notintended to establish the reference breast geometry but, rather, is usedto remove the bra or put it on. For such embodiments, once the bra isappropriately adjusted via the adjustable elements, the closure is usedfor taking the bra off or putting it on (e.g., for the next treatmentsession). As a consequence, the adjustable elements need not beclosures, and if they are closures, they do not need to be re-set (sincethey do not to be released to remove the bra). In some embodiments, thisclosure is located near the mid-point of the back-band.

Thus, a radiation treatment bra in accordance with the present teachingscan reliably reproduce the desired breast geometry prior to eachradiation treatment session. The radiation treatment bra also providesan ability to move the non-treated breast laterally to avoid, to extentpossible, placing medial tissue of the contralateral breast in thetreatment field.

Some other embodiments of the invention provide a method for radiationtherapy that includes establishing a reference breast geometry using aradiation treatment bra in accordance with the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A depicts a front view of radiation treatment bra 100 inaccordance with the illustrative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B depicts a back view of radiation treatment bra 100.

FIG. 2 depict radiation treatment bra 200, wherein the bra includesadjustable elements that are embodied as closures.

FIG. 3A depicts further detail of the medial adjustable element of bra200, wherein the adjustable element comprises a scale that provides anindicium of fit in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3B depicts further detail of the lateral adjustable element of bra200, wherein the adjustable element comprises a scale that provides anindicium of fit in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3C depicts further detail of the superior adjustable element of bra200, wherein the adjustable element comprises a scale that provides anindicium of fit in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 4 depicts radiation treatment bra 400, wherein the bra furtherincludes a non-participating closure.

FIG. 5 depicts radiation treatment bra 500, including an alternativeconfiguration for the medial window and medial adjustable elements.

FIG. 6 depicts radiation treatment bra 600, including an alternativeconfiguration for the medial window and medial adjustable elements.

FIG. 7 depicts radiation treatment bra 700, including an alternativeconfiguration for the medial window and non medial adjustable elements.

FIG. 8 depicts radiation treatment bra 800, including lateral windows.

FIG. 9A depicts radiation treatment bra 900, including breast-supportingslings.

FIG. 9B depicts an alternative embodiment of a sling for use with theembodiment of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 depicts a flow diagram of a method in accordance with thepresent invention for establishing a reference breast geometry for abreast cancer patient undergoing radiation therapy.

FIG. 11 depicts a flow diagram of a method for radiation therapyincorporating the method of FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1A and 1B depict respective front and back views of radiationtreatment bra 100 in accordance with the illustrative embodiment of thepresent invention. Like virtually all bras, embodiments of the radiationtreatment bra disclosed herein include breast cups 102A and 102B,shoulder straps 104A and 104B, and back band 106.

For use in conjunction with the present invention, cups 102A and 102Badvantageously comprise a sheer stretch material, such as, withoutlimitation, a sheer version of LYCRA® brand spandex fiber. The materialis preferably sufficiently sheer so that features on the breast (e.g.,scars, tattoos, etc.) are visible. Shoulder straps 104A and 104Bcomprise a resilient, elastic material, such as, without limitation,LYCRA® brand spandex fiber. Back band 106 comprises a resilient, elasticmaterial, such as, without limitation, LYCRA® brand spandex fiber. Othermaterials, known to those skilled in the art, may suitably be used forthe cups, shoulder straps and back band. It is important, however, thatthe materials do not include anything that will scatter or otherwisesubstantially attenuate the radiation treatment beam or add boluseffect.

It is to be understood that the proportions of radiation treatment bra100 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, as well as the proportions of the variousembodiments of the bras depicted in other Figures, are provided by wayof illustration, not limitation. For example, deviations from the widthof shoulder straps 104A and 104B, the width of back band 106, thecoverage provided by cups 102A and 102B, etc., are acceptable as long asthey do not compromise the functionality of the radiation treatment bra,as disclosed herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that theradiation treatment bras disclosed herein can incorporateindustry-standard features and design elements, such as a “racer-back”configuration for the shoulder straps, etc., as long as such featuresand design elements do not compromise radiation-treatment-brafunctionality, as disclosed herein.

The radiation treatment bra depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B further includesmedial window 108, lateral windows 116, medial adjustment element(s)110, lateral adjustment element(s) 112, superior adjustment element(s)114, and non-participating closure 118. Not all of the various featuresdepicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B are present in all embodiments of theradiation treatment bra. Specific embodiments of bras including some orall these features are described later in this specification inconjunction with FIGS. 2 and 4-8. A radiation treatment bra showingadditional features is discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 9A and 9B.

With continued reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, medial window 108 isdisposed between cups 102A and 102B. Medial window 108 comprises aclear/transparent material that is free of metals or other constituentsthat will scatter or substantially attenuate the radiation treatmentbeam or cause bolus effect. In some embodiments, medial window 108comprises a clear thermoplastic material, such as Clear-Fit TPU brandthermoplastic polyurethane, commercially available from Fulflex, Inc. ofBrattleboro, Vt.

Medial window 108 enables a light field, which originates from theradiation treatment machine, to be projected onto a patient's chest andviewed. During a radiation planning session, using the light field isused as a guide, temporary and then permanent marks (i.e., tattoos) areplaced on the patient's chest to establish the requisite alignment withrespect to the treatment machine. The tattoos are later used tore-establish the requisite alignment for actual radiation treatmentsessions. When the material used for medial window 108 is suitablyselected, the tattoos can be made through the medial window withoutdamaging the window or compromising the alignment. One such suitablematerial is the aforementioned Clear-Fit TPU brand thermoplasticpolyurethane.

The width of medial window 108 is at least about 3 centimeters, whichwill accommodate the lateral extent of the light field projected by theradiation treatment machine. The light field may extend downward fromthe patient's clavicular depression for about 25 centimeters along themid-line of the torso. For this reason, a radiation treatment bra inaccordance with the present invention does not obscure a view of thepatient's skin along the midline of the torso. As shown in FIG. 1A, aportion of the light field would be obscured if not for the presence ofmedial window 108.

The radiation treatment bra depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B also includesleft and right lateral windows 116. One window is disposed between cup102A and an end of back band 106; the other is disposed between cup 102Band the other end of back band 106. The lateral windows are situated sothat when the bra is in use, the lateral windows are positioned beneaththe patient's axilla (i.e., arm pits). The lateral windows extend atleast about 5 centimeters “back” from the lateral edge of each cup. Thepurpose for the lateral windows is to enable radiation treatmentpersonnel to create and view alignment tattoos on the skin in thoseregions. Like the medial window, the lateral windows comprise atransparent material that will not scatter or substantially attenuatethe radiation beam.

As noted in the Background section of this specification, it isparticularly important that treatment radiation is delivered to the sameplanned volume of tissue during each radiation treatment session. Doingso is complicated by the fact that a woman's breast geometry can changesomewhat each time she is on the treatment table. Also, over the three-to six-week course of therapy, there can be swelling and weight gain orloss that might shift the breast and change its volume. This isparticularly problematic for a large-breasted woman, wherein the shapeof the breast is altered as a function of how the breast lies on herchest. This variability in breast geometry complicates the ability toprecisely reproduce, during actual treatment, the position/geometry ofthe breast as it existed during the original radiation-planning scan.

Adjustable elements 110, 112, and 114 are used adjust the geometry andposition of a breast to establish a reproducible reference breastgeometry for use during radiation treatment sessions. More particularly,during the radiation planning session, adjustable elements 110, 112, and114 are adjusted (e.g., tightened or loosened, etc.) until breastgeometry/position is considered to be at a practical optimum fortreatment. That practical optimum, which is determined byoncology/radiation professionals in conjunction with radiationsimulations, is a position/shape for the breast that provides the bestcompromise between irradiating the target tissue and not surroundingtissues. As used in this specification and the included claims, the term“reference breast geometry” refers to this practical optimum for theposition/shape of the breast. As used in this specification and theincluded claims, the terms “adjustable element” or “adjustable closure”mean a fixture, arrangement, etc., that is capable of adjusting thegeometry and position of a breast by changing the force applied by partsof the bra, such as the shoulder straps, the back band, etc., on thebreast cups. The adjustable elements/closures are also used to positionthe non-affected breast out of the treatment field, to the extentpossible.

As depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B, medial adjustable element(s) 110 aredisposed proximal to cups 102A and 102B. Lateral adjustable element(s)112 are disposed proximal to each of back band 106. Superior adjustableelement(s) 114 are situated along shoulder straps 104A and 104B suchthat when the bra is in use, these elements lie near the top of awearer's shoulder.

As previously indicated, the best outcomes for radiation treatment areattained when the reference breast geometry is reproduced for eachradiation treatment session. Reference breast geometry is re-establishedin any one of several ways, the choice of which depends, in part, on theform of the adjustable elements. In particular, in some embodiments,adjustable elements 110, 112, and 114 are embodied as “closures” thatcan be released to enable a patient to remove the bra. In some otherembodiments, the adjustable elements are not embodied as closures, butrather as a feature that simply provides an adjustment function, such asthe well known “adjustable slider,” etc. Regardless of its structure,the adjustable element must comprise a material that will not scatterthe treatment radiation or cause a bolus effect.

In embodiments in which the adjustable elements are closures, at leastsome of which are used to “open” the bra to remove it or put it on, theadjustable elements include a measurement tool (e.g., scale, etc.) thatprovides an indicium of fit. As used in this specification, includingthe claims, the term “indicium of fit” refers to a measure or indicationof the tightness or snugness of each adjustable element, as determinedfrom a measurement tool, scale, etc., that is associated with theadjustable element.

Once the reference breast geometry is attained by adjusting theadjustable elements, the setting for each adjustable element thatestablishes the reference breast geometry—which is known as the“reference setting”—is read from the scale that provides the indicium offit and can be noted, as required, in the patient's chart, etc. Thisenables a technician or patient to re-establish the reference breastgeometry by simply adjusting each adjustable element to its referencesetting before each treatment session, as necessary.

Another way to reproduce the reference breast geometry, onceestablished, is to use a closure, such as closure 118, which is not usedto establish the reference breast geometry. In bra 100 depicted in FIGS.1A and 1B, closure 118 (hereinafter referenced as a “non-participatingclosure”) is disposed near the mid-point of back band 106.Non-participating closure 118, which can be (but is not necessarily)non-adjustable, permits bra 100 to be removed without having to releaseany of the adjustable (and hence reference-breast-geometry-establishing)elements 110, 112, and 114, to the extent such adjustable elements areembodied as closures.

Consider, for example, an embodiment in which the adjustable elementsare embodied as “closures,” and are the only closures on the bra, as inbra 200 depicted in FIG. 2. To remove this bra, or put it on, one ormore of the closures would have to be released and then necessarilyreset for the next radiation treatment session. But when the braincludes non-participating closure 118, the adjustable “closures,” onceset to establish the reference breast geometry, need not be released.Rather, using non-participating closure 118, every time the patient putsthe bra on before a treatment session, the reference breast geometrywill be “automatically” re-established; no re-setting of the adjustableelements is required. As used in this specification, including theclaims, the term “non-participating closure” refers to a closure that isnot involved in establishing the reference breast geometry. Rather, sucha closure is used to simply open the bra to enable a patient to removeit after a radiation treatment session.

It will be appreciated that the use of non-participating closure 118enables adjustable element(s) 110, 112, and 114 to be embodied assomething other than closures.

Although a non-participating closure is not involved in establishing thereference breast geometry through adjustment, that closure can be anadjustable closure (as long as the closure can be released withoutaltering its state of adjustment). After reading this disclosure, thoseskilled in the art will know how to add a non-participating closure inother locations on a radiation treatment bra in accordance with thepresent teachings. For example, the non-participating closure can besituated between the cups (i.e., in place of adjustable closure 110). Insuch an embodiment, the non-participating closure must not obscure themedial window.

After reading the present disclosure, those skilled in the art will knowhow to incorporate adjustable elements, for obtaining a reference breastgeometry, which are not closures. For example, an adjustable slider canbe used.

FIG. 2 depicts radiation treatment bra 200 in accordance with thepresent invention. Radiation treatment bra 200 includes breast cups,shoulder straps, and a back band. In bra 200, adjustable elements 110,112, and 114 (see FIGS. 1A and 1B) are embodied as adjustable closures.In particular, they are embodied as adjustable medial closure 210,adjustable lateral closures 212A and 212B, and adjustable superiorclosures 214A and 214B.

As depicted in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, shoulder straps 104A and104B each comprise two segments; an anterior segment that couples to oneof the breast cups and a posterior segment that couples to back band106. In preferred embodiments, the anterior segment overlies theposterior segment when brought together to “close” closure 214A and214B. (See, e.g., FIG. 3C.)

In radiation treatment bra 200, each of the adjustable closures comprisepaired strips of hook-and-loop fastener, such as VELCRO® brandhook-and-loop fastener, available from Velcro Co. of Manchester, NewHampshire. In other embodiments, other types of fastening systems may beused, as long as the fastening systems comprise materials that will notscatter radiation.

Since bra 200 does not include non-participating closure 118, at leastsome of the adjustable closures must be released to remove the bra. As aconsequence, it is important that the reference setting is memorializedfor at least those closures that will be released (to remove the bra).

FIGS. 3A through 3C depict an embodiment of a scale that provides anindicium of fit for use with respective medial adjustable closure 210,lateral adjustable closures 212A and 212B and superior adjustableclosures 214A and 214B. These adjustable closures comprise two portions,wherein each closure portion comprises a material that supports a stripof hook-and-loop fastener 324. The segment of hook-and-loop fastener 324on one of the closure portions is obscured in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

In FIGS. 3A through 3C, the scale that provides the indicium of fitcomprises a plurality of lines 320, which is disposed on one of twoclosure portions. A single line 322, which acts as an indicator, isdisposed on the other of the two closure portions.

Each line 320 has associated with it an identifier, such as a number orletter (not depicted). When the two closure portions are broughttogether to engage one another, the indicator line 322 on one of theclosure portions will align with one of the lines 320 in the scale. Theparticular line 320 that aligns with line 322 provides the “setting” ofthe adjustable closure. When the adjustable closures 210, 212A/212B, and214A/214B are set such that they provide the reference breast geometry,the setting is the “reference setting.” The identifier associated withthe respective “aligned” line 320 is recorded in the patient's chart.

In other embodiments, rather than using an indicator line 322 on one ofthe closure portions, the leading edge of that closure element is usedas an indicator. After reading the present disclosure, those skilled inthe art will be able to devise other measurement arrangements suitablefor providing a setting that identifies the relative positions of thetwo closure elements.

As an alternative to using two paired sections of hook-and-loopfastener, one section of such material can be used in conjunction with a“hook-compatible fabric” (i.e., VELCRO® receptive). In other words, thehook-and-loop fastener will simply “stick” to the fabric. Such fabric iscommercially available from Darlington Fabrics of Westerly, R.I., andothers. The measurement tool (e.g., scale, etc.) can be printed directlyonto the fabric.

Another approach for establishing a reproducible, reference breastgeometry, which is especially useful when the adjustable elements areembodied as closures, is to place a “mark” on the closure portions ofthe adjustable closures after they are set to provide the referencebreast geometry. The mark, which is placed on one or both portions ofeach adjustable closure, records the amount of overlap of the twoclosures. The mark(s) can be made, for example, with indelible marker.This enables the reference breast geometry to be reproduced each timethe bra is worn by simply adjusting the adjustable elements inaccordance with the marks. In this approach, there is no scale, per se;rather, only an indication that provides the reference setting.Furthermore, the act of “marking” simultaneously creates the referencesetting and memorializes (i.e., “notes” or records) it.

Regardless of the approach taken, what is important is that state (i.e.,the reference setting) of the adjustable closure can be reliablyreproduced.

It will be appreciated that in the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3Athrough 3C, the scale is simply a measure of the extent to which the twoclosure portions overlap one another. To the extent the adjustableelements have a different structure, the form of the scale that providesthe indicium of fit may be different. After reading the presentdisclosure, those skilled in the art will be able to develop anappropriate scale as a function of the structure/arrangement of theadjustable element.

FIG. 4 depicts radiation treatment bra 400. This bra is structuredsimilar to bra 200, and includes breast cups, shoulder straps, backband, medial window 108, a medial adjustable element 110, lateraladjustable elements 112, and superior adjustable elements 114.

Unlike bra 200, radiation treatment bra 400 includes non-participatingclosure 118, which is disposed near the mid-point of back band 106.Since bra 400 includes non-participating closure 118, the adjustableelements need not be (but can be) closures (e.g., like adjustableclosures 210, 212A/212B, and 214A/214B) since they do not need to bereleased to remove the bra. The non-participating closure can comprise aplastic clasp, hook-and-loop fastener, etc. Regardless of structure, thenon-participating closure will preferably not scatter treatmentradiation.

FIG. 5 depicts radiation treatment bra 500. This bra is structuredsimilar to bra 200 and includes breast cups, shoulder straps, back band,a medial adjustable element, lateral adjustable elements, and superioradjustable elements, wherein the adjustable elements are configured asclosures.

Since, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, bra 500 does not include anon-participating closure, the adjustable elements are configured asclosures. The lateral and superior adjustable closures of bra 500 arethe same as those for bra 200 and 200, but medial adjustable closure 510of bra 500 is configured differently than medial adjustable element 210of bra 200.

In particular, medial adjustable element 510 comprises two spaced-apart,horizontally-oriented strips 530A and 530B of transparent material thatwill not scatter or substantially attenuate the radiation beam. Thestrips are attached to inner edge 526 of cup 102A. Strip 530A isattached relatively nearer to the top of inner edge 526 and strip 530Bis attached relatively nearer to the bottom. A section of hook-and-loopfastener (not depicted) is disposed at the free end of each of strips530A and 530B. Adjustable element 510 includes two further sections ofhook-and-loop fastener, which are each disposed near inner edge 528 ofcup 102B, one section closer to the top of the inner edge and the othercloser to the bottom. These two sections of hook-and-loop fastener arepositioned to receive and engage the sections of hook-and-loop-fastenerthat are disposed near the respective free ends of strips 530A and 530B.

Medial window 508 is defined between strips 530A and 530B. Like thevarious medial windows depicted for other embodiments of the radiationtreatment bra, medial window 508 permits projecting the light field ontothe midline of a patient's chest, viewing the light field, and creatingtattoos, as well as viewing any such tattoos or other marks that areplaced along the midline of the chest in the region between the cups.Unlike bra 200, which includes a medial window that is formed of atransparent material, in bra 500, medial window 508 is simply open space(i.e., no material). The distance between inner edges 526 and 528 ofrespective cups 102A and 102B is at least about 3 centimeters, whichwill accommodate the lateral extent of the light field projected by theradiation treatment machine.

In some further embodiments of radiation bra 500, a scale that providesan indicium of fit, such as depicted in FIGS. 3A through 3C, is used inconjunction with adjustable elements of bra 500, including medialadjustable element 510. In some additional embodiments, radiation bra500, with or without such a scale, includes non-participating closure118, which may be situated along the mid-point of back band 106 asdepicted in bra 400, or situated elsewhere. In embodiments that includenon-participating closure 118, the adjustable elements need not (butcan) be configured as closures; that is, they need not be releasable.

FIG. 6 depicts radiation treatment bra 600. This bra is structuredsimilar to bra 500, and includes breast cups, shoulder straps, backband, a medial adjustable element, lateral adjustable elements, andsuperior adjustable elements.

Since, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, bra 600 does not include anon-participating closure, the adjustable elements are configured asclosures. The lateral and superior adjustable closures of bra 600 arethe same as those for bra 500, but medial adjustable closure 610 of bra600 is configured differently than medial adjustable closure 510 of bra500.

The lateral and superior adjustable elements of bra 600 are the same asthose for bra 400, but medial adjustable closure 610 of bra 600 isconfigured differently than medial adjustable closure 510 of bra 500. Infact, medial adjustable closure 610 includes medial window 608.

Medial adjustable element 610 comprises two strips 632 and 634 ofhook-and-loop fastener, which are disposed near respective inner edgesof cups 102A and 102B. As indicated above, medial adjustable element 610also includes medial window 608, which comprises a transparent materialthat will not scatter or substantially attenuate the radiation treatmentbeam. Two strips of hook-and-loop fastener (not depicted) are attachedto one face of medial window 608, near the edges thereof. The strips ofhook-and-loop fastener on medial window 608 are positioned to engagestrips 632 and 634 of hook-and-loop fastener that are disposed near theinner edges of the cups.

When medial adjustable closure 610 is closed, the distance between theinner edges of respective cups 102A and 102B is at least about 3centimeters to accommodate the lateral extent of the light fieldprojected by the treatment machine.

mow In some further embodiments of radiation bra 600, a scale thatprovides an indicium of fit, such as depicted in FIGS. 3A through 3C, isused in conjunction with the adjustable elements of bra 600, includingmedial adjustable element 410. In some additional embodiments, radiationbra 600, with or without the scale, includes non-participating closure118. The non-participating closure can be disposed near the mid-point ofback band 106 as in bra 400, or disposed elsewhere. In embodiments thatinclude non-participating closure 118, the adjustable elements need not(but can) be configured as closures; that is, they need not bereleasable.

FIG. 7 depicts radiation treatment bra 700. This bra is structuredsimilar to bra 600, and includes breast cups, shoulder straps, backband, lateral adjustable elements, and superior adjustable elements.Since, in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, bra 700 does not include anon-participating closure, the adjustable elements are configured asclosures. Unlike bra 600 and other bras disclosed herein, radiation bra700 does not include a medial adjustment element, embodied as a closureor otherwise.

Radiation bra 700 includes medial window 708, which is disposed betweenthe inner edges of cups 102A and 102B. Medial window 708 comprises atransparent material that will not scatter or substantially attenuatethe radiation beam or cause a bolus effect. Like the various medialwindows depicted for other embodiments of the radiation treatment bra,medial window 708 permits projecting the light field onto the midline ofa patient's chest, viewing the light field, and creating tattoos, aswell as viewing any such tattoos or other marks that are placed alongthe midline of the chest in the region between the cups. The width ofmedial window 708 (i.e., the distance between the inner edges of cups102A and 102B) is at least about 3 centimeters for that purpose.

In some further embodiments of radiation bra 700, a scale providing anindicium of fit, such as depicted in FIGS. 3A through 3C, is used inconjunction with the lateral and superior adjustable elements. In someadditional embodiments, radiation bra 700, with or without such a scale,includes non-participating closure 118, which may be disposed near themid-point of back band 106 as in bra 400, or disposed elsewhere. Inembodiments that include non-participating closure 118, the adjustableelements need not (but can) be configured as closures; that is, theyneed not be releasable.

FIG. 8 depicts radiation treatment bra 800. This bra is structuredsimilar to other embodiments of the radiation treatment bra, andincludes breast cups, shoulder straps, and a back band. And bra 800includes any version of superior adjustable elements 114 and any versionof medial adjustable element 110 (e.g., 210, 510, 610, etc.) and anyversion of medial window 108 (e.g., 208, 508, 608, 708, etc.). Butunlike bras 200 and 400 through 700, radiation bra 800 includes twolateral windows 116A and 116B. Window 116A is disposed between cup 102Aand an end of back band 106. Window 116B is disposed between cup 102Band an end of back band 106.

The lateral windows are situated so that when the bra is in use, thelateral windows are positioned beneath the axilla (i.e., arm pits). Thelateral windows extend at least about 5 centimeters “back” from thelateral edge of each cup. The purpose for the lateral windows is toenable radiation treatment personnel to create and view alignmenttattoos on the skin in those regions. The alignment process is similarto that previously discussed, except that rather than projecting thelight field onto a patient's chest, it is projected onto a side of thepatient's torso through one of the lateral windows. Like the medialwindows previously discussed, lateral windows 116A and 116B comprise atransparent material that will not scatter or substantially attenuatethe radiation beam. When the material is suitably selected, such as theaforementioned Clear-Fit TPU brand thermoplastic polyurethane, tattooscan be created through the lateral windows.

Radiation treatment bra 800 also includes lateral adjustment elements812A and 812B, which are disposed along back band 106 proximal to thelateral windows. The lateral adjustment elements can be configured likelateral adjustment elements 212A and 212B of bra 200, for example, butshifted along the back-band away from the lateral edge of the cups toaccommodate the presence of the lateral windows.

In some further embodiments of radiation bra 800, a scale that providesan indicium of fit, such as depicted in FIGS. 3A through 3C, is used inconjunction with the medial, lateral, and superior adjustable elements.In some additional embodiments, radiation bra 800, with or without sucha scale, includes non-participating closure 118, which may be disposednear the mid-point of back band 106 as in bra 400, or disposedelsewhere. In embodiments that include non-participating closure 118,the adjustable elements need not (but can) be configured as closures;that is, they need not be releasable.

It is notable that even in embodiments of the radiation treatment brathat do not include a non-participating closure, some of the adjustableelements can be configured as closures and some not. For example, insome embodiments, the medial adjustable element is configured as aclosure but the lateral and superior adjustable elements are not. Insome other embodiments, the superior adjustable elements are configuredas a closure but the lateral and medial are not. And so forth.

FIG. 9A depicts radiation treatment bra 900. This bra is structuredsimilar to other embodiments of the radiation treatment bra, andincludes breast cups, shoulder straps, and a back band. And bra 900includes any version of superior adjustable elements 114 and any versionof medial adjustable element 110 (e.g., 210, 510, 610, etc.) and anyversion of medial window 108 (e.g., 208, 508, 608, 708, etc.). Bra 900further includes lateral closures, which in the embodiment depicted inFIG. 9A, are embodied as adjustable lateral closures 212A and 212B ofBra 200 (see, FIG. 2).

Bra 900 also includes one or more slings 942 and 946 that detachablycouple to either of cups 102A and 102B and serve a purpose similar to an“underwire;” that is, they provide “lift.” A metal underwire cannot beused in the radiation treatment bras disclosed herein because it wouldscatter treatment radiation. A plastic “underwire” could be used, but,as will become apparent, the use of slings provides greateradjustability.

In the illustrative embodiment, bra 900 includes sections 936A, 936B,937A, 937B, 938A, 938B, 940A, and 940B of hook-compatible fabric.Sections 936A, 937A and 938A are disposed on cup 102A and sections 936B,937B, and 938B are disposed on cup 102B. Furthermore, section 940A isdisposed near the end of back band 106 proximal to lateral closure 212Aand section 940B is disposed near the end of back band 106 proximal tolateral closure 212B. These sections of hook-compatible fabric can besewn on to the bra or attached via other appropriate techniques.

FIG. 9A depicts two slings: sling 942 and sling 946. Sling 942 is thelonger of the two slings, having a length of about 18 to about 25centimeters. Sling 946 has a length of about 8 to about 18 centimeters.The slings have a width of about 25 millimeters. In some embodiments,the slings comprise a strip of transparent material that will notscatter or substantially attenuate the radiation beam, such as Clear-FitTPU brand thermoplastic polyurethane. Strips 944A and 944B ofhook-and-look fastener are disposed at each end of sling 942. Strips948A and 948B of hook-and-look fastener are disposed at each end ofrelatively shorter sling 946. The slings couple to the bra by mating thestrips of hook-and-loop fastener on the sling to the sections ofhook-compatible fabric on the bra.

In use, and using cup 102B as an example, a sling (of appropriatelength) will typically be oriented in one of the following ways:

medial (937B) to lateral (940B);inferior (936B) to lateral (940B); andinferior (936B) to superior (938B).A sling, such as sling 942 or 946, can be coupled anywhere alonginferior section 936B or medial section 937B of hook-compatible fabric,providing effectively continuous variability in the location of the“origin” of the sling.

An example of a medial-to-lateral connection is depicted in “phantom” inFIG. 9A wherein sling 942 is coupled, at one end, to section 937Bproximal to a superior location. The other end of the sling is coupledto section 940B. An example of an inferior-to-superior connection isdepicted in phantom in FIG. 9A wherein sling 946 is coupled, at one end,to section 936B proximal to its mid-point and at the other end tosection 938B. In both cases, the slings are pulled taut; that is, placedunder tension, to provide an appropriate amount of support for thebreast.

The use of one or both of these slings allows for highly-localizedadjustments to breast geometry and an ability to ensure that there areno folds in breast tissue, as might otherwise occur for a woman withlarge, pendulous breasts.

FIG. 9B depicts an alternative embodiment of a sling, wherein strips952B and 952B′ of hook-and-loop fastener are attached to both sides ofone end of sling 950. Strip 952A of hook-and-loop fastener is attachedto one side of the other end of sling 950. Using cup 102A as an example,the end of sling 950 that includes one strip 952A of hook-and-loopfastener couples to section 937A of hook-compatible fabric. The other ofthe sling is positioned between closure 212A. Strip 952B ofhook-and-loop fastener will couple to the hook-and-look fastener on oneportion of closure 212A and strip 952B′ will couple to the hook-and-loopfastener on the other portion of closure 212A. Closures 212A/B wereincluded in bra 900 to illustrate the use of sling 950. In embodimentsin which sling 950 is not used, a different type of lateral closure maysuitably be used.

The slings depicted in conjunction with radiation treatment bra 900 canbe used in conjunction with any of the bras discussed herein.

In some less preferred embodiments, the radiation treatment bra willinclude various adjustable elements, but neither medial nor lateralwindows.

For example, a radiation bra in accordance with some less-preferredembodiments of the present teachings includes: a medial adjustableelement, a lateral adjustable element, and a superior adjustableelement, wherein both the medial and lateral adjustable elements areconfigured as closures. For the radiation treatment planning session,the patient would put on the bra and lie on the treatment table. Sinceneither the medial nor lateral windows are present, the medialadjustable closure is opened to separate the breast cups to enable thelight field to be projected onto the chest for alignment/tattooing, etc.Likewise, the lateral adjustable closure is opened to project the lightfield onto the side(s) of the patient for alignment/tattooing. Eventhough both the medial and lateral closures are released, the breastsremain substantially covered by the cups, maintaining some modicum ofprivacy for the patient. After alignment is complete, the medial andlateral adjustable closures, as well as the superior adjustable element(which can be a closure, but need not be) are adjusted to establish thereference breast geometry. For regular radiation treatment sessions, thealignment is re-established with the medial and lateral closuresreleased so that the tattoos (created during the planning session) canbe aligned with the light fields. The medial and lateral closures arethen adjusted, in accordance with the reference setting, to provide thereference geometry.

It should be clear from the foregoing disclosure and accompanyingdrawings that the present invention encompasses numerous differentembodiments of a radiation treatment bra. A non-limiting list ofembodiments in accordance with the present teachings includes aradiation treatment bra comprising:

(i) a medial window;(ii) a medial window and at least one adjustable element configured as aclosure;(iii) a medial window and at least one adjustable element configured asa closure and comprising a measurement tool that provides an indicium offit;(iv) a medial window and at least one adjustable element and anon-participating closure;(v) a medial window and two lateral windows;(vi) a medial window, two lateral windows, and at least one adjustableelement configured as a closure;(vii) a medial window, two lateral windows, and at least one adjustableelement and a non-participating closure;(viii) a medial adjustable element that comprises a medial window;(ix) a sling for providing additional support and positioningcapability; and(x) a medial adjustable closure and a lateral adjustable closure,wherein both closures comprise a measurement tool that provides anindicium of fit.

FIG. 10 depicts method 1000 for establishing a reference breast geometryfor a breast cancer patient undergoing radiation therapy.

Operation 1002 of method 1000 recites fitting a radiation treatment bra,such as radiation treatment bras 100, 200, and 400 through 900, to apatient. This involves selecting a radiation treatment bra having anappropriate cup size and back sizing (e.g., 36D, etc.).

Operation 1004 of method 1000 recites simulating a radiation treatmentsession for the patient. In this operation, the patient undergoeslow-energy x-ray planning or CT simulation while in the treatment bra.During the simulation, iso-center check, and port-film verification (andwhile setting up each radiation treatment session), a light field isprojected onto the patient's chest. (See, e.g., FIG. 1A.) This operationalso includes making temporary marks on the patient's chest to establisha reference alignment of the patient with respect to the light field,and hence the treatment machine.

Operation 1006 of method 1000 recites adjusting the plural adjustableelements (e.g., the medial adjustment element if present, lateraladjustment elements, and superior adjustment elements) to establish areference breast geometry and alignment in accordance with the lightfield projected onto the patient's chest.

Optional operation 1008 of method 1000 recites memorializing (e.g.,recording, marking, etc.) a reference setting for each adjustableelement. In embodiments in which the radiation bra incorporates anon-participating closure, such as closure 118, which enables the bra tobe removed/put-on without releasing the adjustable elements, operation1008 is not required.

After the reference breast geometry and patient's alignment with respectto the treatment machine are confirmed, e.g., through a simulatedradiation treatment session, the “temporary” marks are replaced by smallalignment tattoos. This ensures that the patient will be positioned thesame with respect to the treatment machine for each radiation treatmentsession. Depending upon the choice of material for the medial (andlateral) windows, tattoos can be made directly through the clearmaterial without damaging the material or compromising tattoo location.

FIG. 11 depicts method 1100, which is a method for radiation therapythat incorporates method 1000 for establishing a reference breastgeometry, in accordance with the present invention.

Operation 1102 of method 1100 recites establishing, during simulatedradiation treatment, a reference breast geometry for a patient using aradiation treatment bra, such as bras 100, 200, and 400 through 900. Insome embodiments, this operation comprises method 1000; that is,operations 1002 through 1006 (and optionally 1008).

Operation 1104 of method 1100 recites re-establishing, in preparationfor a radiation treatment session, the reference breast geometry of thepatient using the radiation treatment bra. In some embodiments, thisoperation is performed by simply placing the radiation treatment bra onthe patient and closing non-participating closure 118. In some otherembodiments, this operation involves adjusting the adjustment elements,when they are embodied as closures, in accordance with their referencesettings.

Operation 1106 of method 1100 recites irradiating the target tissue ofthe patient.

It is to be understood that although the disclosure teaches manyexamples of embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, manyadditional variations of the invention can easily be devised by thoseskilled in the art after reading this disclosure. As a consequence, thescope of the present invention is to be determined by the followingclaims.

1. A bra comprising: two breast cups; a medial window disposed betweenthe two breast cups, wherein the medial window is visually transparentso that a light field can be projected onto a wearer's chest and viewedwithout obstruction; two shoulder straps for supporting the two breastcups; and a back band that couples to the shoulder straps and the twobreast cups, wherein: (i) neither the breast cups, medial window,shoulder straps, nor back band comprise a material that scatters orsubstantially attenuates treatment radiation; and (ii) the bra isconfigured so that, when worn, no portion of a vertical midline of awearer's chest is obscured by the bra.
 2. The bra of claim 1 and furthercomprising a medial adjustable element disposed between the two breastcups, wherein the medial adjustable element does not comprise a materialthat scatters or substantially attenuates treatment radiation.
 3. Thebra of claim 2 and further wherein the medial adjustable element isconfigured as a closure.
 4. The bra of claim 2 and further wherein themedial adjustable element comprises the medial window.
 5. The bra ofclaim 1 and further comprising a first lateral adjustable element and asecond lateral adjustable element, wherein: the first lateral adjustableelement is disposed between a first end of the back band and one of thetwo breast cups; the second lateral adjustable element is disposedbetween a second end of the back band and the other of the two breastcups; and neither of the first or second lateral adjustable elementscomprise a material that scatters or substantially attenuates treatmentradiation.
 6. The bra of claim 5 and further wherein the first lateraladjustable element and the second lateral adjustable element areconfigured as closures.
 7. The bra of claim 1 further comprising a firstsuperior adjustable element and a second superior adjustable element,wherein: the first superior adjustable element is disposed along one ofthe two shoulder straps; the second superior adjustable element isdisposed along a second of the two shoulder straps; and neither of thefirst or second superior adjustable elements comprises a material thatscatters or substantially attenuates treatment radiation.
 8. The bra ofclaim 7 and further wherein the first and second superior adjustableelements are configured as closures.
 9. The bra of claim 3 wherein themedial adjustable element further comprises a measurement tool thatprovides an indicium of fit.
 10. The bra of claim 6 wherein the firstlateral adjustable element and the second lateral adjustable elementeach comprise a measurement tool that provides an indicium of fit. 11.The bra of claim 8 wherein the first superior adjustable element and thesecond superior adjustable element each comprise a measurement tool thatprovides an indicium of fit.
 12. The bra of claim 1 further comprising afirst lateral window and a second lateral window, wherein the first andsecond lateral window are visually transparent for enabling a skinmarking to be viewed therethrough, wherein the first and second lateralwindows are disposed beneath a wearer's left and right axilla when thebra is worn.
 13. The bra of claim 1 further comprising: a lateraladjustable element disposed between an end of the back band and one ofthe breast cups; a superior adjustable element disposed along one of theshoulder straps; and a non-participating closure by which the bra isremoved but not adjusted.
 14. The bra of claim 1 and further comprisinga sling, wherein the sling comprises a strip of a material that does notscatter or substantially attenuate treatment radiation, wherein a firstend of the sling couples to one of the breast cups near a bottomthereof, and the other end couples to the one breast cup near a topthereof or proximal to an end of the back band nearest the one breastcup.
 15. A bra comprising: two breast cups; a back band and shoulderstraps for supporting the two breast cups; a medial window disposedbetween the two breast cups, wherein the medial window is visuallytransparent so that a light field can be projected onto a wearer's chestand viewed without obstruction; and a first lateral window and a secondlateral window disposed in or proximal to the back band at respectiveends thereof, wherein the first and second lateral windows are disposedbeneath a wearer's left and right axilla when the bra is worn, andwherein the first and second lateral window are visually transparent forenabling a skin marking to be viewed therethrough.
 16. The bra of claim14 and further comprising a medial adjustable element disposed betweenthe two breast cups, wherein the medial closure does not comprise amaterial that scatters or substantially attenuates treatment radiation.17. The bra of claim 14 and further comprising a lateral adjustableelement disposed between an end of the back band and one of the breastcups, wherein the lateral adjustable element does not comprise amaterial that scatters or substantially attenuates treatment radiation.18. The bra of claim 14 further comprising a superior adjustable elementdisposed along one of the shoulder straps, wherein the superioradjustable element does not comprise a material that scatters orsubstantially attenuates treatment radiation.
 19. The bra of claim 16further comprising a non-participating closure by which the bra isremoved but not adjusted.
 20. The bra of claim 17 further comprising anon-participating closure by which the bra is removed but not adjusted.21. A bra comprising: two breast cups; a plurality of adjustableelements for establishing a reference breast geometry; and a medialwindow disposed between the two breast cups, wherein the medial windowis visually transparent so that a light field can be projected onto awearer's chest and viewed without obstruction.
 22. The bra of claim 20further comprising a non-participating closure by which the bra isremoved but not adjusted.
 23. The bra of claim 20 further comprising afirst lateral window and a second lateral window, wherein the first andsecond lateral windows are visually transparent for enabling a skinmarking to be viewed therethrough, and wherein the first and secondlateral windows are situated on the bra such that when the bra is worn,the first lateral window is disposed beneath a first axilla of a wearerand the second lateral window is disposed beneath a second axilla of thewearer.
 24. The bra of claim 21 further comprising a first lateralwindow and a second lateral window, wherein the first and second lateralwindows are visually transparent for enabling a skin marking to beviewed therethrough, and wherein the first and second lateral windowsare situated on the bra such that when the bra is worn, the firstlateral window is disposed beneath a first axilla of a wearer and thesecond lateral window is disposed beneath a second axilla of the wearer.25. A bra comprising: two breast cups; a back band and two shoulderstraps for supporting the two breast cups; a medial adjustable elementdisposed between the two breast cups, wherein the medial adjustableelement comprises a closure; a first lateral adjustable element disposedbetween a first end of the back band and one of the two breast cups,wherein the first lateral adjustable element comprises a closure; asecond lateral adjustable element is disposed between a second end ofthe back band and the other of the two breast cups, wherein the firstlateral adjustable element comprises a closure; and a superioradjustable element disposed along each one of the two shoulder straps,wherein neither the medial, first and second lateral, nor superioradjustable elements comprise a material that scatters or substantiallyattenuates treatment radiation.